APA Style (5th Edition)

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Introduction
The Yale University School of Nursing follows the standards described in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 2001 Fifth Edition, and the APA style guide to electronic resources, 2007, both published by the American Psychological Association.
It is highly recommended that you purchase the 5th Edition Manual as you will use it often, not just for citations, but for paper layout as well. A copy of the manual is available in the Reference Room librarian's office and a copy is available in the Medical Library Reference section (Ref 20 BF76.7 P83 2001). You can electronically access the APA style guide to electronic resources which will give you most current citation style of all electronic media.
There are a number of useful web sites that offer tips of important APA 5th edition rules:
APA Style
Introduction to APA Style – Purdue University
To assist you in finding and resolving DOIs:
Free DOI lookup
DOI Link Resolver
Academic Integrity
Proper Citation and Attribution: Avoiding Plagiarism
- Sadler/Batten presentation
Using a Citation Manager to format APA Style
RefWorks and EndNote will assist you to organize your references and will automatically create papers and bibliography in APA style. Use of these citation managers is highly recommended. However, it is important to note that you should be familiar with APA style as sometimes there are unintentional errors in citation outputs.
Following are some of the more commonly used examples of citations. For a complete list of Reference types see Chapter 4, Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Fifth Edition. For more on citations within the text see Section 3.94 of the Manual.
Examples of most used PRINT citation types
Journal Article
Reference List:
Duffy, M. E. (2005). The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: A valuable resource for evidence-based practice. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 19(3), 117-120.
In-text Citation:
… red kangaroo is the world's largest marsupial (Duffy, 2005) and is found …

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Book
Reference List:
Beyea, S. C., & Slattery, M. J. (2006). Evidence-based practice in nursing : A guide to successful implementation. Marblehead, Mass.: HCPro, Inc.

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Book with editors
Reference List:
Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (Eds.). (2005). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare : A guide to best practice. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
In-text Citation:
… red kangaroo is the world's largest marsupial (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2005) and is found …

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Chapter in an Edited Book
Reference List:
Slutsky, J. (2005). Using evidence-based practice guidelines: Tools for improving practice. In B. M. Melnyk, & E. Fineout-Overholt (Eds.), Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare : A guide to best practice (pp. 221-235). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
In-text Citation:
… red kangaroo is the world's largest marsupial (Slutsky, 2005) and is found …

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Examples of most used ONLINE citation types
NOTE: No retrieval date is necessary for content that is not likely to be changed or updated, such as a journal article or book. Use retrieval date for changeable content retrieved from the open Web, as well as in-preparation, in-press, or preprint journal articles.
Electronic Journal Article without DOI assigned
Reference List:
Brancato, V. C. (2006). An innovative clinical practicum to teach evidence-based practice. Nurse Educator, 31(5), 195-199. Retrieved from Journals@OVID Full Text
In-text Citation:
… red kangaroo is the world's largest marsupial (Brancato, 2006) and is found …

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Electronic Journal Article with DOI assigned
Reference List:
Mock, V., St Ours, C., Hall, S., Bositis, A., Tillery, M., Belcher, A., et al. (2007). Using a conceptual model in nursing research--mitigating fatigue in cancer patients. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 58(5), 503-512. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04293.x
In-text Citation:
… red kangaroo is the world's largest marsupial (Mock et al., 2007) and is found …

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Electronic Journal Article from a database or journal aggregator
Reference List:
Hart, M. (2006). Massachusetts: Expanding access to care: The health care access and affordability act. American Journal of Nursing, 106 (10), 38-39. Retrieved from Journals@OVID fulltext.
In-text Citation:
… red kangaroo is the world's largest marsupial (Hart, 2006) and is found … |
Electronic Book
NOTE: Use “Available from” instead of “Retrieved from” When the URL leads to information on how to obtain the cited material rather than the material itself.
Reference List:
Kasper, D.L., Braunwald, E., Fauci, A.C., Hauser, S.L., Longo, D.L. Jameson, J.L., and Isselbacher, K.J. (Eds.). (2005). Harrison’s Online. Available from http://www.accessmedicine.com/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=4
In-text Citation:
… red kangaroo (Kasper et al., 2005) is the world's largest marsupial and is found …

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Online Reference Materials
Reference List:
Air embolism. (2007). In Sommers, M.S. (Ed.), Diseases and Disorders: A Nursing Therapeutics Manual, Retrieved from STAT!Ref database.
In-text Citation:
… red kangaroo is the world's largest marsupial (Air embolism, 2005) and is found …

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Internet document
Reference List:
Centers for Disease Control, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. (2005). Monitoring birth defects. Retrieved September 16, 2007, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/bd/monitoring.htm
In-text Citation:
(Centers for Disease Control, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, 2005)

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Document Retrieved from a database
Reference List:
Sawicki, G., & Dovey, M. (April 5, 2007). Evaluation and diagnosis of chronic childhood asthma (Version 15.2 ed.). Retrieved 10/21/2007 from UpToDate database.
In-text Citation:
… red kangaroo is the world's largest marsupial (Sawicki & Dovey, 2007) and is found …

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Electronic Report
Reference List:
Passel, J. S. (2005). Estimates of the size and characteristics of the undocumented population. Washington, DC: A Pew Research Center Project. Retrieved September 19, 2007, from http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/44.pdf
In-text Citation:
… red kangaroo is the world's largest marsupial (Passel, 2005) and is found …

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Newspaper Article
Reference List:
Vecsey, G. (2006, September 17). Mets fans may cry, but Yanks fans stay dry-eyed. The New York Times. Retrieved September 19, 2007, from ProQuest database.
In-text Citation:
… red kangaroo is the world's largest marsupial (Vecsey, 2006) and is found …

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Examples of Legal References
Congressional hearing
Reference list:
Examining innovative approaches to covering the uninsured through employer-provided health benefits: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor and Pensions of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, 110th Cong., 1 (2007). Available from http://www.gpoaccess.gov/chearings.
In-text citation:
… red kangaroo is the world's largest marsupial (Examining innovative approaches, 2007) and is found …

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Testimony within a Congressional hearing
Reference list:
Examining innovative approaches to covering the uninsured through employer-provided health benefits: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor and Pensions of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, 110th Cong., 18 (2007) (testimony of Joan C. Alker).
In-text citation:
… red kangaroo is the world's largest marsupial (Examining innovative approaches, 2007) and is found …

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GAO (Government Accountability Office) report
Reference list:
U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2007, September). Highlights of a forum: Health care 20 years from now—Taking steps today to meet tomorrow’s challenges (Publication No. GAO-07-1155SP). Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d071155sp.pdf.
In-text citation:
… red kangaroo is the world's largest marsupial (U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2007) and is found …

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CRS (Congressional Research Service) report
Reference list:
Lyke, B. (2006). Health savings accounts : Some current policy issues (CRS Report No. RS22437). Domestic Social Policy Division, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. Available from the University of North Texas Congressional Research Service Reports, http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/permalink/meta-crs-9009.
In-text citation:
… red kangaroo is the world's largest marsupial (Lyke, 2007) and is found …

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